The 1981 Berg Report from the World Bank advocated for African economic reform centered on export agriculture, but instead of growth, it led to a decline in Africa’s production capacities, industry, and food security. Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) further worsened the situation by neglecting infrastructure and agriculture. Trade liberalization, as promoted by the World Bank, did not lead to the promised benefits, with African countries facing losses in both agriculture and manufacturing. The focus should shift towards fostering economic growth and investment to enhance productive capacities, rather than
